How does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect lung function?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly impacts lung function by causing obstructed airflow and impairing gas exchange. In COPD, typically characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the airways become narrowed and inflamed, leading to airflow limitation. This limitation arises from structural changes in the lungs, such as the destruction of alveoli and increased mucus production, which obstructs the flow of air during both inhalation and exhalation.

The obstruction contributes to a decreased ability to fully exhale air from the lungs, trapping air and resulting in hyperinflation. This condition reduces the effectiveness of gas exchange, as less fresh air reaches the alveoli. Consequently, oxygen levels may decrease while carbon dioxide levels can increase, leading to feelings of breathlessness and a reduced capacity for physical activity. Therefore, the answer highlighting obstructed airflow and impaired gas exchange accurately reflects the physiological consequences of COPD on lung function.